ELECTION DIARY
The Renaissance Begins With
CHRONICLING THE CONTINENT’S DEMOCRATIC JOURNEY
At the African Renaissance Trust, we are dedicated to maintaining an accessible record of the continent’s democratic milestones to empower researchers and advocates alike. Please find our detailed electoral calendar below, featuring both a historical retrospective and a forward-looking outlook for upcoming polls.
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Central African Republic
General
June
2030
Scheduled
Projected cycle; stability heavily dependent on international peacekeeping and security sector reform.
Cote d’Ivoire
General
June
2030
Scheduled
Projected cycle under current RHDP governance frameworks.
Egypt
Presidential
June
2030
Scheduled
Scheduled 6-year cycle following constitutional amendments that extended presidential term lengths.
Ethiopia
Presidential
June
2030
Scheduled
Scheduled 6-year cycle for the ceremonial head of state elected by parliament.
Malawi
General
June
2030
Scheduled
Projected next general election maintaining the constitutional timeline.
Algeria
Presidential
June
2029
Scheduled
Projected next presidential cycle under current constitutional framework.
Botswana
General
June
2029
Scheduled
Scheduled 5-year cycle; remains a strong benchmark for Southern African electoral integrity.
Chad
General
June
2029
Scheduled
Scheduled cycles following the highly manipulated transition of power to Mahamat DĂ©by.
Comoros
Presidential
June
2029
Scheduled
Projected next presidential cycle.
Equatorial Guinea
Presidential
June
2029
Scheduled
Scheduled 7-year cycle; political suppression ensures predictable outcomes.
Guinea-Bissau
Legislative
June
2029
Scheduled
Projected next parliamentary cycle.
Liberia
General
October
October 2029
Scheduled
Scheduled 6-year legislative and presidential cycles; UP currently in power.
Madagascar
Legislative
May
May 2029
Scheduled
Scheduled 5-year parliamentary cycle.
Mauritania
Presidential
June
June 2029
Scheduled
Projected next presidential cycle.
Mauritius
General
November
November 2029
Scheduled
Scheduled 5-year legislative and presidential cycles; MSM currently in power.
Mozambique
General
October
October 2029
Scheduled
Scheduled 5-year cycles; FRELIMO expected to maintain its heavily institutionalized advantage.
Namibia
General
November
November 2029
Scheduled
Scheduled 5-year cycles; SWAPO leads the dominant-party system, though urban opposition is growing.
South Africa
General
June
2029
Scheduled
Scheduled 5-year cycle; projected to be highly competitive following the end of ANC hegemony.
Democratic Republic of the Congo
General
December
December 2028
Scheduled
Scheduled 5-year cycle; USN currently in power amidst ongoing M23 insurgency and widespread allegations of fraud.
Djibouti
Legislative
February
February 2028
Scheduled
Scheduled 5-year cycle; UMP maintains absolute legislative control.
Eswatini
General
June
2028
Scheduled
Scheduled 5-year cycle; operates as an absolute monarchy where genuine democratic competition is prohibited.
Ghana
General
December
December 7, 2028
Scheduled
Projected next general election maintaining the strict 4-year constitutional mandate.
Madagascar
Presidential
November
November 2028
Scheduled
Scheduled 5-year cycle following recent democratic tensions.
Mauritania
Legislative
June
2028
Scheduled
Scheduled 5-year cycle; El Insaf currently in power amid reports of alleged structural fraud.
Sierra Leone
General
June
2028
Scheduled
Scheduled 5-year cycle maintaining the stable post-war constitutional timeline.
Zimbabwe
General
June
2028
Scheduled
Scheduled 5-year cycle; ZANU-PF expected to maintain its highly institutionalized structural advantages.
Angola
General
June
2027
Scheduled
Scheduled cycle; MPLA expected to leverage state resources to maintain its dominant-party status.
Burundi
Presidential
June
2027
Scheduled
Scheduled 7-year cycle under the current constitutional framework.
Equatorial Guinea
Legislative
June
2027
Scheduled
Scheduled 5-year cycle; PDGE dominant-party system firmly entrenched.
Gambia
Legislative
June
2027
Scheduled
Scheduled 5-year cycle under the National People's Party (NPP).
Kenya
General
June
2027
Scheduled
Scheduled 5-year cycle; expected to be a high-stakes competition influenced by economic dissatisfaction.
Lesotho
General
June
2027
Scheduled
Scheduled 5-year cycle; RFP currently in power in a historically volatile parliamentary system.
Nigeria
General
June
2027
Scheduled
Scheduled 4-year cycle; anticipated to be highly competitive and technologically contested.
Republic of the Congo
Legislative
June
2027
Scheduled
Scheduled 5-year cycle; PCT dominant-party system expected to persist.
Algeria
Legislative
June
People's National Assembly: 2026
Completed
Parliamentary
June
2026
Completed
Upcoming 5-year cycle; dominant-party coalition of FLN, RND, FM, and El Binaa expected to retain control.
Benin
General
June
2026
Completed
Legislative scheduled for January, Presidential for April; key test for resetting Benin's democratic trajectory.
Legislative
January
National Assembly: 11 Jan 2026
Completed
President
April
12 Apr 2026
Completed
Burkina Faso
General
TBA
Pending
Scheduled
Elections indefinitely postponed following successive military coups in 2022 and ongoing security crises.
Cabo Verde
General
June
2026
Completed
Legislative scheduled for May, Presidential for November; expected to remain highly competitive and transparent.
Cameroon
Legislative
June
National Assembly: 2026
Completed
Regional/Local
June
2026
Completed
Parliamentary
June
2026
Completed
Scheduled 5-year cycle; CPDM expected to maintain legislative hegemony.
Cape Verde
President
June
2026
Completed
Legislative
May
National Assembly: 17 May 2026
Completed
Cote d’Ivoire
Legislative
June
National Assembly: 2026
Completed
Djibouti
Presidential
April
April 10, 2026
Completed
Scheduled 5-year cycle; Guelleh has been in power for over 15 years, utilizing the UMP dominant-party system.
Eritrea
None
TBA
N/A
Scheduled
Categorized as a one-party state and closed autocracy under Isaias Afwerki; has never held national elections since independence.
Ethiopia
Legislative
June
House of People's Representatives: 2026 House of the Federation (indirect): After Regional State Councils
Completed
Regional/Local
June
Regional State Councils: 2026 Local: 2026
Completed
Legislative
June
June 1, 2026
Completed
Scheduled 5-year cycle; Prosperity Party dominant, though ongoing armed conflicts severely threaten electoral execution.
Gambia
Presidential
December
December 5, 2026
Scheduled
Scheduled 5-year cycle; Barrow attempting to reset democratic trajectory after periods of authoritarian drift.
Libya
President
June
Reporté d'avril 2026
Completed
Legislative
June
Reporté d'avril 2026
Completed
General
TBA
Pending
Scheduled
Elections repeatedly delayed indefinitely due to divided rival governments and severe security crises.
Mali
General
TBA
Pending
Scheduled
Elections suspended indefinitely by the ruling military junta amid widespread northern insurgency and regional isolation.
Mauritius
Regional/Local
June
Local: 2026 Rodrigues Regional Assembly: 2027
Completed
Morocco
Parliamentary
September
September 23, 2026
Scheduled
Scheduled 5-year cycle; RNI, PAM, and PI coalition currently in power under King Mohammed VI.
Niger
General
TBA
Pending
Scheduled
Elections indefinitely suspended following the July 2023 military coup; nation reverted to closed autocracy.
Republic of the Congo
Legislative
June
Senate (1/3) 2026 (indirect)
Completed
President
March
15 Mar 2026
Completed
Presidential
March
March 15, 2026
Completed
Scheduled cycle; Sassou-Nguesso has been in power for over four decades (split over two intervals).
Rwanda
Regional/Local
June
Local: 2026
Completed
Somalia
Legislative
June
House of the People: 2026
Completed
General
June
2026
Completed
Ongoing efforts to transition from indirect clan formulas to universal suffrage amidst active al-Shabaab conflict.
Regional/Local
May
Local and Regional: Stagerred: 10 May 2026 - 30 July 2026
Completed
Somaliland (autonomous region)
Legislative
June
House of Representatives: 2026
Completed
Regional/Local
June
2026
Completed
South Africa
Regional/Local
June
District & Local: 2026
Completed
South Sudan
President
June
2026
Completed
Legislative
June
2026
Completed
Regional/Local
June
2026
Completed
General
June
2026
Completed
Long-delayed post-independence elections; incumbent in power over 15 years; severe security and logistical impediments persist.
Sudan
General
TBA
Pending
Scheduled
Democratic transition entirely derailed by the 2021 military coup and the devastating ongoing 2023 civil conflict.
SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
President
June
2026
Completed
Legislative
June
National Assembly: 2026
Completed
Regional/Local
June
Regional & Local: 2026
Completed
General
June
2026
Completed
Scheduled cycle; country remains a strong example of democratic checks and executive power sharing.
The Gambia
President
June
2026
Completed
Uganda
General
June
2026
Completed
Museveni expected to seek continued governance after 40 years in power; structural disadvantages for opposition persist.
Zambia
President
June
2026
Completed
Legislative
June
National Assembly: 2026
Completed
Regional/Local
June
2026
Completed
General
June
2026
Completed
Scheduled 5-year cycle; testing the consolidation of the democratic reset amidst macroeconomic recovery efforts.
Benin
Regional/Local
June
2025
Completed
Burkina Faso
Legislative
June
National Assembly: 2025
Completed
Burundi
Regional/Local
June
Local 2025: Collines (Head of Hills/ district): 2025
Completed
Legislative
June
2025
Completed
Scheduled for June 5, 2025; CNDD-FDD expected to retain its dominant-party status.
Legislative
June
National Assembly: 5 Jun 2025
Completed
Regional/Local
June
Local & Collines: 5 Jun 2025
Completed
Legislative
July
Senate: 26 Jul 2025 (indirect)
Completed
Cameroon
President
June
2025
Completed
Legislative
June
National Assembly: 2025
Completed
Regional/Local
June
2025
Completed
President
October
12 Oct 2025
Completed
Presidential
October
October 12, 2025
Completed
Scheduled 7-year cycle; highly scrutinized due to Biya's advanced age and ongoing internal conflicts.
Central African Republic
President
December
28 Dec 2025
Completed
Legislative
December
28 Dec 2025
Completed
General
December
December 28, 2025
Completed
Scheduled 5-year cycle; MCU in power while the state continues to grapple with severe territorial fragmentation and civil war.
Comoros
Legislative
January
Union Assembly: 12 Jan 2025
Completed
Legislative
January
January 30, 2025
Completed
Scheduled 5-year cycle; CRC currently in power amidst significant domestic tension.
Cote d’Ivoire
Presidential
October
October 25, 2025
Completed
Scheduled 5-year cycle; RHDP in power; critical test for stabilizing the post-Ouattara political landscape.
President
October
29 October 2025
Completed
Egypt
Legislative
June
House of Representatives: 2025
Completed
Legislative
November
November 2025
Completed
Scheduled 5-year cycle; Mostaqbal Watan in power with severe political suppression reported.
Equatorial Guinea
Legislative
June
HPR & Senate: 2025
Completed
Regional/Local
June
2025
Completed
Gabon
President
April
12 April 2025
Completed
Presidential
April
April 12, 2025
Completed
Scheduled transitional election following the 2023 military coup that ousted the Bongo dynasty.
Legislative
September
September 27, 2025
Completed
Scheduled legislative return to civilian rule under the Rally for the Fatherland and Modernity.
Guinea
General
December
December 28, 2025
Completed
Scheduled transition elections under the National Committee of Reconciliation and Development junta, pending adherence to agreements.
Guinea-Bissau
General
November
November 23, 2025
Completed
Scheduled 4-year legislative and 5-year presidential cycles; political environment remains volatile following executive dissolution of parliament.
Malawi
President
September
Held16 September 2025
Completed
Legislative
September
National Assembly: 16 September 2025
Completed
Regional/Local
September
Local Councils: 16 September 2025
Completed
General
September
September 16, 2025
Completed
Scheduled 5-year cycle; DPP expected to mount strong challenge against incumbent coalition.
Namibia
Legislative
June
National Assembly: 2029 National Council: 2025
Completed
Regional/Local
November
Regional Council: 26 Nov 2025 Local: 26 Nov 2025
Completed
Niger
President
June
2025
Completed
Legislative
June
2025
Completed
Regional/Local
June
2025
Completed
Seychelles
General
June
2025
Completed
Scheduled 5-year cycle; anticipated to be a highly competitive democratic contest.
President
September
First Round: Held 27 Sep 2025, Second Round: Held 9 - 11 Oct 2025
Completed
Legislative
September
First Round: Held 27 Sep 2025, Second Round: Held 9 - 11 Oct 2025
Completed
Tanzania
General
June
2025
Completed
Scheduled 5-year cycle; CCM maintains a tight grip on the electoral management apparatus.
Togo
Presidential
June
2025
Completed
Scheduled 5-year cycle; the Gnassingbé family dynasty dominates the electoral landscape.
President
May
3 May 2025
Completed
Legislative
July
National Assembly: 17 July 2025
Completed
Tunisia
Legislative
June
House of Councillors: 2025
Completed
Uganda
President
June
2025
Completed
Legislative
June
2025
Completed
Regional/Local
June
2025
Completed
United Republic of Tanzania
Regional/Local
June
Zanzibar House of Representatives & Zanzibar President & Local: Oct 2025
Completed
President
October
29 Oct 2025
Completed
Legislative
October
29 Oct 2025
Completed
Algeria
President
September
7 Sep 2024
Completed
Presidential
September
September 7, 2024
Completed
Incumbent secured victory in a highly constrained political environment; opposition faced significant structural restrictions.
Botswana
President
June
2024 by National Assembly
Completed
Legislative
October
30 Oct 2024
Completed
Regional/Local
October
30 Oct 2024
Completed
General
October
October 30, 2024
Completed
Highly competitive cycle reflecting shifting demographics and rising UDC and BPF influence.
Cape Verde
Regional/Local
June
2024
Completed
Chad
President
May
6 May 2024
Completed
Legislative
December
December 29, 2024
Completed
Scheduled transitional legislative elections under the military-led government.
Comoros
President
January
14 Jan 2024
Completed
Regional/Local
January
14 Jan 2024
Completed
Presidential
January
January 14, 2024
Completed
Azali Assoumani ran for a fourth term in an environment heavily skewed by his previous constitutional dismantling.
Ethiopia
President
June
Oct 2024 by House of People's Representatives
Completed
Ghana
President
December
7 Dec 2024
Completed
Legislative
December
National Assembly: 7 Dec 2024
Completed
General
December
December 7, 2024
Completed
Scheduled 4-year cycle; competitive race significantly influenced by severe fiscal consolidation and IMF programming.
Guinea
Regional/Local
June
2024
Completed
Guinea-Bissau
President
June
2024
Completed
Libya
Regional/Local
June
2024*
Completed
Madagascar
Legislative
June
Senate: 2024, after local
Completed
Legislative
May
National Assembly: 29 May 2024
Completed
Mali
President
February
Postponed from 24 February 2024
Completed
Mauritania
President
June
29 Jun 2024
Completed
Legislative
June
Senate (1/3 members): 29 Jun 2024
Completed
Mauritius
President
June
Nov 2024 by National Assembly
Completed
Legislative
November
National Assembly: 10 Nov 2024
Completed
Mozambique
Regional/Local
June
Provincial: 2024
Completed
President
October
9 Oct 2024
Completed
Legislative
October
9 Oct 2024
Completed
Namibia
President
November
27 Nov 2024
Completed
Legislative
November
National Assembly:27-30 Nov 2024 National Council: Staggered: Nov - Dec 2020 (indirect by Regional Councils)
Completed
Rwanda
Legislative
June
Senate: 2024 (indirect)
Completed
General
June
2024
Completed
Kagame secured another term; structural suppression guarantees RPF dominance without viable opposition.
President
July
15 Jul 2024
Completed
Legislative
July
Chamber of Deputies: 15, 16 Jul 2024
Completed
Senegal
President
March
24 March 2024
Completed
Legislative
November
November 17, 2024
Completed
Snap parliamentary elections reflecting dynamic political realignments and robust democratic engagement.
Somaliland (autonomous region)
President
November
13 Nov 2024
Completed
South Africa
President
June
2024 (Indirect by National Assembly)
Completed
Legislative
June
2024 (Indirect by National Assembly)
Completed
General
May
May 29, 2024
Completed
Watershed election; ANC lost its outright majority for the first time, resulting in unprecedented national coalition governments.
Togo
Regional/Local
March
National Assembly: 29 Mar 2024
Completed
Tunisia
President
June
Held Oct 6 2024
Completed
Presidential
June
2024
Completed
Held following Saied's 2021 self-coup and constitutional rewrite; severe democratic backsliding noted.
Regional/Local
December
Local & regional: 24 Dec 2024
Completed
United Republic of Tanzania
Regional/Local
November
Civic: 27 Nov 2024
Completed
Cameroon
Legislative
March
Senate 13 Mar 2023
Completed
Central African Republic
Regional/Local
July
Postponed indefinately from 16 July 2023
Completed
Referenda
July
Constitutional referendum 30 July 2023 passed abolishing two term limit and extending presidential term from five to seven years
Completed
Chad
Referenda
December
Constitutional referendum 17 Dec 2023
Completed
Cote d’Ivoire
Legislative
June
Senate: 2023 (indirect)
Completed
Regional/Local
August
2 Aug 2023
Completed
Democratic Republic of Congo
President
December
20 Dec 2023
Completed
Legislative
December
National Assembly: 20 Dec 2023
Completed
Regional/Local
December
Provincial Assemblies: 20 Dec 2023 Local & Communes: 20 Dec 2023
Completed
Democratic Republic of the Congo
General
June
2023
Completed
FĂ©lix Tshisekedi re-elected in a cycle severely compromised by electronic voting failures and massive infrastructural deficits.
Djibouti
Legislative
February
National Assembly: 24 Feb 2023
Completed
Egypt
President
December
10, 11, 12 Dec 2023
Completed
Gabon
Legislative
August
House of Representatives: 26 Aug 2023
Completed
Regional/Local
August
Local: 26 Aug 2023
Completed
Ghana
Regional/Local
June
District, Local & Unit: Dec 2023
Completed
Guinea-Bissau
Legislative
June
People's National Assembly & Senate: 4 Jun 2023
Completed
Liberia
General
June
2023
Completed
Joseph Boakai defeated incumbent George Weah in a tight runoff; Weah conceded peacefully.
President
October
First Round: 10 Oct 2023
Completed
Legislative
October
House of Representatives: 10 Oct 2023
Completed
President
November
Second Round: 14 Nov 2023
Completed
Madagascar
President
November
9 Nov 2023
Completed
Regional/Local
November
Local: 9 Nov 2023
Completed
Presidential
November
November 16, 2023
Completed
Rajoelina re-elected amidst opposition boycotts and protests over his dual French citizenship.
Mali
Referenda
June
Constitutional Referendum: March 2023
Completed
Regional/Local
June
Local & Communal: June 2023
Completed
Mauritania
Legislative
May
National Assembly: 1st rnd: 13 May 2023
Completed
Regional/Local
May
Local and regional: 1st rnd: 13 May 2023
Completed
Legislative
May
2nd rnd: 27 May 2023
Completed
Regional/Local
May
2nd rnd: 27 May 2023
Completed
Mozambique
Regional/Local
October
Local: 11 Oct 2023
Completed
Nigeria
General
June
2023
Completed
Bola Tinubu elected; process heavily marred by technological failures and sophisticated social media disinformation campaigns.
President
February
25 Feb 2023
Completed
Legislative
February
National Assembly & Senate: 25 Feb 2023
Completed
Regional/Local
March
State Assemblies, governors & Local: 18 Mar 2023 Governors (Ekiti & Osun): 18 Jun 2022 & 16 Jul 2022 respectively
Completed
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Legislative
TBA
April 8-9, 2023
Scheduled
Elected 50 of the 51 members of the Sahrawi National Council, retaining Polisario dominance.
Sierra Leone
General
June
2023
Completed
Julius Maada Bio re-elected in a highly polarized environment with disputed tallies.
President
June
24 Jun 2023
Completed
Legislative
June
24 Jun 2023
Completed
Regional/Local
June
24 Jun 2023
Completed
Swaziland
Legislative
September
House of Assembly: 29 Sep 2023
Completed
Regional/Local
September
Urban local: 29 Sep 2023 Tinkhundla: 29 Sep 2023
Completed
The Gambia
Regional/Local
May
20 May 2023
Completed
Zimbabwe
General
June
2023
Completed
Mnangagwa re-elected; process heavily criticized by SADC observers for failing to meet democratic standards.
President
August
23 & 24 Aug 2023
Completed
Legislative
August
House of Assembly & Senate: 23 & 24 Aug 2023
Completed
Regional/Local
August
23 & 24 Aug 2023
Completed
Algeria
Regional/Local
June
2022
Completed
Angola
President
August
24 Aug 2022
Completed
Legislative
August
24 Aug 2022
Completed
General
August
August 24, 2022
Completed
Tightest election in Angolan history; MPLA retained power amid widespread allegations of structural fraud by UNITA.
Burkina Faso
Regional/Local
June
2022
Completed
Comoros
Regional/Local
June
Island Assemblies: 2022
Completed
Djibouti
Regional/Local
June
RA & Communal: 2022
Completed
Equatorial Guinea
President
November
20 Nov 2022
Completed
Legislative
November
House of Representatives & Senate: 20 Nov 2022
Completed
Regional/Local
November
20 Nov 2022
Completed
Kenya
General
June
2022
Completed
William Ruto (UDA) elected in a technologically heavy, highly litigated, but ultimately peaceful cycle.
President
August
9 Aug 2022
Completed
Legislative
August
National Assembly, Senate & County Assemblies: 9 Aug 2022
Completed
Regional/Local
August
9 Aug 2022
Completed
Lesotho
General
June
2022
Completed
Newly formed Revolution for Prosperity (RFP) party won, signaling deep voter frustration with legacy parties.
Legislative
October
National Assembly: 7 Oct 2022
Completed
Regional/Local
October
District Council: 7 Oct 2022
Completed
Mali
Legislative
June
National Assembly: Oct - Nov 2022
Completed
Mauritius
Regional/Local
February
Local: Jun 2021 Rodrigues Regional Assembly: 13 Feb 2022
Completed
Republic of the Congo
Legislative
July
National Assembly: 10 Jul 2022
Completed
Regional/Local
July
10 Jul 2022
Completed
Senegal
Regional/Local
January
Regional & Local: 23 Jan 2022
Completed
Somalia
Presidential
June
2022
Completed
Hassan Sheikh Mohamud returned to power after a protracted and highly tense indirect electoral process.
Legislative
February
House of the People: 1 Nov to 25 Feb 2022 (indirect)
Completed
President
May
15 May 2022 (by House of the People)
Completed
The Gambia
Legislative
April
National Assembly: 9 Apr 2022
Completed
Tunisia
Referenda
June
July 2022: Constitutional Referendum
Completed
Legislative
December
Assembly of Representatives 17 Dec 2022 (runoff 29 Jan 2023)
Completed
Algeria
Parliamentary
June
2021
Completed
Held in the aftermath of the Hirak protest movement; characterized by record-low turnout and ongoing state control.
Legislative
June
People's National Assembly: 12 Jun 2021
Completed
Benin
Presidential
April
April 11, 2021
Completed
Patrice Talon re-elected amidst severe democratic backsliding and suppression of viable opposition candidates.
Cabo Verde
General
June
2021
Completed
Successful elections held amidst the pandemic; peaceful power dynamics continued.
Cape Verde
Legislative
April
National Assembly: 18 Apr 2021
Completed
President
October
17 Oct 2021
Completed
Chad
Presidential
June
2021
Completed
DĂ©by won a sixth term but was killed on the battlefield shortly after, leading to a transitional military council.
Cote d’Ivoire
Legislative
March
National Assembly: 6 Mar 2021
Completed
Djibouti
President
April
9 Apr 2021
Completed
Ethiopia
General
June
2021
Completed
Abiy Ahmed's Prosperity Party secured a mandate amidst the Tigray War, which prevented voting in several regions.
Legislative
June
House of People's Representatives: 21 Jun 2021 House of the Federation: 2013 (indirect)
Completed
Regional/Local
June
Regional State Councils (Except Tigray Region): 21 Jun 2021 Local: 21 Jun 2021
Completed
Morocco
Legislative
June
Assembly of Councillors (indirect): 2021 (after local)
Completed
Parliamentary
June
2021
Completed
PJD suffered a massive defeat; RNI formed a new governing coalition aligned closely with the palace.
Regional/Local
September
Local & regional: 8 Sep 2021
Completed
Republic of the Congo
Presidential
June
2021
Completed
PCT maintained absolute control; main opposition candidate Guy Brice Parfait Kolélas died on election day.
Rwanda
Regional/Local
June
Local: 20 Feb - 5 2021
Completed
Somalia
Legislative
July
Upper House: 25 - 28 Jul 2021 (indirect)
Completed
Somaliland (autonomous region)
Legislative
May
House of Representatives: 31 May 2021
Completed
Regional/Local
May
Local council: 31 May 2021
Completed
South Africa
Regional/Local
November
District & Local: 1 Nov 2021
Completed
The Gambia
President
December
4 Dec 2021
Completed
Uganda
Regional/Local
June
Jan/Feb 2021
Completed
General
June
2021
Completed
Museveni won a sixth term against Bobi Wine in an environment of extreme state violence and internet shutdowns.
President
January
1st Rnd: 14 Jan 2021 2nd Rnd: 10 Feb
Completed
Legislative
January
National Assembly: 1st Rnd: 14 Jan 2021
Completed
Zambia
General
June
2021
Completed
Hakainde Hichilema decisively defeated incumbent Lungu, marking a crucial democratic reset.
President
August
12 Aug 2021
Completed
Legislative
August
National Assembly: 12 Aug 2021
Completed
Regional/Local
August
12 Aug 2021
Completed
Algeria
Referenda
November
1 Nov 2020
Completed
Benin
Regional/Local
April
Municipal, Communal and Local elections: 17 Apr 2020
Completed
Burkina Faso
General
June
2020
Completed
Kaboré re-elected; however, severe jihadist violence prevented voting in large portions of the country.
President
November
22 Nov 2020
Completed
Legislative
November
National Assembly: 22 Nov 2020
Completed
Burundi
General
June
2020
Completed
Évariste Ndayishimiye elected, maintaining CNDD-FDD dominance in a tightly controlled political space.
President
May
20 May 2020
Completed
Cameroon
Legislative
February
National Assembly 9 Feb 2020
Completed
Regional/Local
February
9 Feb 2020
Completed
Cape Verde
Regional/Local
October
25 Oct 2020
Completed
Cote d’Ivoire
Presidential
June
2020
Completed
Ouattara won a controversial third term after the sudden death of his designated successor; opposition boycotted.
Egypt
Legislative
November
People's Assembly: 7-8 Nov 2020
Completed
Guinea
Referenda
June
Constitutional referendum late Mar 2020
Completed
Presidential
June
2020
Completed
Condé won a controversial third term after altering the constitution, sparking massive protests and a subsequent 2021 military coup.
Referenda
March
postponed from 1 Mar 2020
Completed
Legislative
March
National Assembly: 22 Mar 2020
Completed
President
October
18 Oct 2020
Completed
Liberia
Referenda
June
13 Oct, 2020: Constitutional Referendum
Completed
Madagascar
Legislative
December
Senate: 11 Dec 2020 (indirect)
Completed
Mali
Legislative
March
National Assembly: 1st rnd 29 Mar 2020
Completed
Legislative
April
2nd rnd 19 Apr 2020
Completed
Niger
Regional/Local
December
13 Dec 2020
Completed
President
December
27 Dec 2020 (runoff 21 Feb 2021)
Completed
Legislative
December
27 Dec 2020
Completed
General
TBA
2020-2021
Completed
Mohamed Bazoum elected, marking the country's first-ever peaceful democratic transition between civilians.
Republic of the Congo
Legislative
June
Senate (1/3) 2020 (indirect)
Completed
Seychelles
General
June
2020
Completed
Historic opposition victory; Wavel Ramkalawan elected, underscoring institutional maturity and electoral integrity.
Tanzania
General
June
2020
Completed
Magufuli re-elected with 84%; elections heavily criticized for violence, internet blockages, and massive fraud.
Togo
Presidential
June
2020
Completed
Gnassingbé won a fourth term following constitutional tweaks that reset his term limits.
United Republic of Tanzania
Regional/Local
October
Zanzibar House of Representatives & Zanzibar President: Zanzibar House of Representatives & Zanzibar President & Local: 25 Oct 2020
Completed
President
October
28 Oct 2020
Completed
Legislative
October
28 Oct 2020
Completed
Botswana
General
June
2019
Completed
Mokgweetsi Masisi led BDP to victory amidst internal party fractures.
Legislative
October
National Assembly: 23 Oct 2019
Completed
Regional/Local
October
23 Oct 2019
Completed
President
November
1 Nov 2019 by National Assembly
Completed
Burkina Faso
Referenda
March
Constitutional referendum Postponed indefinitely from 24 Mar 2019
Completed
Egypt
Regional/Local
June
Oct-Dec 2019
Completed
Referenda
April
Constitution amendment: 20 Apr 2019 extend presidential term from 4 to 6 years, allow president to stand for additional term in office
Completed
Ghana
Regional/Local
December
District, Local & Unit: 17 Dec 2019
Completed
Guinea-Bissau
Legislative
March
People's National Assembly & Senate: 10 Mar 2019
Completed
President
November
1st Rnd: 24 Nov 2019 2nd Rnd: 29 Dec 2019
Completed
Libya
Regional/Local
March
30 Mar 2019
Completed
Malawi
Presidential
TBA
2019-2020
Completed
2019 results were annulled by the Constitutional Court due to widespread irregularities; Lazarus Chakwera won the historic 2020 rerun.
Mauritania
Presidential
June
2019
Completed
Mohamed Ould Ghazouani elected, marking the first peaceful transfer of power between elected leaders.
Rwanda
Legislative
September
Senate: 16-18 Sep 2019
Completed
Senegal
Presidential
June
2019
Completed
Macky Sall secured a second term against a backdrop of rising opposition discontent.
South Africa
General
June
2019
Completed
Cyril Ramaphosa led the ANC to victory, though with the party's lowest margin since 1994.
Legislative
May
National Assembly: 8 May 2019
Completed
Tunisia
Presidential
June
2019
Completed
Kais Saied elected in a landslide as an anti-establishment outsider.
Legislative
October
House of Councillors: 6 Oct 2019
Completed
Algeria
Legislative
June
Council of the Union: 2018 (half, indirect/appointed)
Completed
Burundi
Referenda
May
17 May 2018: Allow president to stand for 4th term, increase presidental term to two 7 year consecutive terms
Completed
Cameroon
Presidential
June
2018
Completed
Biya re-elected amidst the escalating Anglophone Crisis, which severely depressed turnout in western regions.
Comoros
Referendum
June
2018
Completed
Controversial referendum dismantled the rotating presidency, allowing Assoumani to evade term limits.
Referenda
July
30 Jul 2018 constitutional ammendment to allow two 5-year presidential terms, instead of only one.
Completed
Cote d’Ivoire
Legislative
March
Senate: 24 Mar 2018 (indirect)
Completed
Democratic Republic of the Congo
General
June
2018
Completed
Resulted in a controversial but peaceful transfer of power to FĂ©lix Tshisekedi, despite widespread evidence of Martin Fayulu's victory.
Egypt
Presidential
June
2018
Completed
Sisi re-elected against a token opponent after viable challengers were arrested or intimidated into withdrawing.
Eswatini
General
June
2018
Completed
Monarch continues to appoint the Prime Minister and cabinet, rendering elections largely advisory.
Ethiopia
President
October
25 Oct 2018 by House of People's Representatives
Completed
Gabon
Legislative
October
National Assembly: 1st Rnd 6 Oct 2018
Completed
Legislative
October
2nd Rnd 27 Oct 2018
Completed
Guinea
Regional/Local
February
4 Feb 2018
Completed
Guinea-Bissau
Legislative
November
postponed from 18 Nov 2018
Completed
Madagascar
Presidential
June
2018
Completed
Andry Rajoelina defeated Ravalomanana in a runoff, completing a competitive cycle.
Mali
Presidential
June
2018
Completed
KeĂŻta re-elected, but low turnout and massive security failures precipitated a 2020 military coup.
President
July
1st rnd 29 Jul 2018
Completed
President
August
2nd rnd 12 Aug 2018
Completed
Sierra Leone
General
June
2018
Completed
Julius Maada Bio (SLPP) defeated the ruling APC, continuing a pattern of peaceful post-war alternations.
Togo
Referenda
December
Constitutional referendum 16 Dec 2018
Completed
Zimbabwe
General
June
2018
Completed
First post-Mugabe election; Emmerson Mnangagwa narrowly won a highly disputed contest against Nelson Chamisa.
Algeria
Parliamentary
June
2017
Completed
FLN and RND coalition maintained legislative dominance amidst widespread voter apathy.
Regional/Local
November
23 Nov 2017
Completed
Angola
General
June
2017
Completed
Marked the transition from José Eduardo dos Santos to João Lourenço within the MPLA apparatus.
Djibouti
Regional/Local
February
Regional Assemblies & Communes 24 Feb 2017
Completed
Kenya
General
June
2017
Completed
Supreme Court historically annulled the first presidential vote due to technical irregularities; Kenyatta won the rerun.
Liberia
General
June
2017
Completed
Peaceful transition of power to George Weah, representing a generational political shift.
Legislative
October
House of Representatives: 10 Oct 2017
Completed
Rwanda
Presidential
June
2017
Completed
Kagame won 98.8% following a 2015 constitutional amendment that allowed him to circumvent prior term limits.
Somalia
Presidential
June
2017
Completed
Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed (Farmaajo) elected via indirect clan-based delegate voting.
Somaliland (autonomous region)
President
November
13 Nov 2017
Completed
Benin
Presidential
June
2016
Completed
Patrice Talon elected, initially promising constitutional reforms and term limit adherence.
Burkina Faso
Regional/Local
May
22 May 2016
Completed
Cabo Verde
General
June
2016
Completed
MpD swept legislative and presidential elections, maintaining a model of West African stability.
Chad
Presidential
June
2016
Completed
DĂ©by re-elected to a fifth term against a fractured opposition.
Legislative
April
National Assembly: 1st rnd: 10 April 2016
Completed
Legislative
May
2nd rnd: 9 May 2016
Completed
Comoros
Presidential
June
2016
Completed
Azali Assoumani elected, returning to power through the rotating presidency system.
Djibouti
Presidential
June
2016
Completed
Guelleh secured a fourth term; opposition remained heavily fragmented and constrained.
Equatorial Guinea
Presidential
June
2016
Completed
Obiang re-elected with standard 90%+ margins, extending his tenure as the world's longest-serving president.
Gabon
Presidential
June
2016
Completed
Ali Bongo narrowly defeated Jean Ping in a highly disputed election that sparked deadly riots and arson.
Gambia
Presidential
June
2016
Completed
Historic upset; Adama Barrow defeated Jammeh, who initially conceded but then refused, prompting ECOWAS military intervention.
Ghana
General
June
2016
Completed
NPP's Nana Akufo-Addo defeated incumbent John Mahama, reinforcing Ghana's strong two-party democracy.
Mali
Regional/Local
November
20 Nov 2016
Completed
Morocco
Parliamentary
June
2016
Completed
PJD retained plurality, though forming a government proved highly contested against royalist factions.
Republic of the Congo
Presidential
June
2016
Completed
Sassou-Nguesso secured another term following a 2015 referendum that eliminated constitutional term and age limits.
Senegal
Referenda
March
20 Mar 2016, approved by 62% of voters shortening of the presidential term from seven years to five years and other changes
Completed
SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
Presidential
June
2016
Completed
Evaristo Carvalho elected; peaceful transfer of power.
Uganda
General
June
2016
Completed
Museveni re-elected; polls marred by the arrest of main opposition candidate Kizza Besigye and media blackouts.
Zambia
General
June
2016
Completed
Edgar Lungu narrowly won; opposition disputed results amidst growing authoritarian tendencies.
Referenda
August
11 Aug 2016
Completed
Algeria
Legislative
December
Council of the Nation: half 29 Dec 2015 (indirect/appointed)
Completed
Burkina Faso
General
June
2015
Completed
Landmark transitional elections; Roch Marc Christian Kaboré elected in a widely praised democratic process.
Burundi
General
June
2015
Completed
Nkurunziza's controversial bid for a third term sparked a severe political crisis, violence, and another opposition boycott.
Central African Republic
Referenda
December
Constitutional referendum 13 Dec 2015
Completed
General
TBA
2015-2016
Completed
Faustin-Archange Touadéra elected in transitional polls held amidst brutal sectarian violence and UN peacekeeping presence.
Cote d’Ivoire
Presidential
June
2015
Completed
Ouattara secured a second term in a peaceful process, signaling economic recovery.
Ethiopia
General
June
2015
Completed
EPRDF won 100% of parliamentary seats; widespread protests followed, eventually forcing leadership changes.
Guinea
Presidential
June
2015
Completed
Alpha Condé re-elected amidst violent protests and opposition claims of fraud.
Lesotho
General
June
2015
Completed
Snap elections called following an attempted military coup; resulted in a new fragmented coalition.
Nigeria
General
June
2015
Completed
Historic milestone; Muhammadu Buhari defeated incumbent Goodluck Jonathan, the first such opposition victory in Nigeria.
Rwanda
Referenda
December
18 Dec 2015, constitutional amendment extending number of presidential terms
Completed
Seychelles
Presidential
June
2015
Completed
James Michel won re-election by an extremely narrow margin (less than 200 votes), prompting electoral reforms.
Sudan
General
June
2015
Completed
Al-Bashir secured another term in an uncompetitive environment preceding his 2019 ouster.
President
April
2 Apr 2015
Completed
Legislative
April
CS & National Assembly: 2 Apr 2015
Completed
Regional/Local
April
State Legislatures, State Governors, local: 2 Apr 2015
Completed
Tanzania
General
June
2015
Completed
John Magufuli elected; opposition faced increasing harassment and structural disadvantages.
Togo
Presidential
June
2015
Completed
Faure Gnassingbé secured a third term; opposition protests effectively marginalized.
United Republic of Tanzania
Referenda
April
30 Apr 2015: Adoption of new Constitution to replace that of 1977
Completed
Algeria
Presidential
June
2014
Completed
Bouteflika won a fourth term despite severe health issues, sparking early civil discontent.
Botswana
General
June
2014
Completed
BDP won but with a reduced popular vote share as the Umbrella for Democratic Change (UDC) gained traction.
Egypt
Referenda
June
Jan 2014: New Constitution
Completed
Presidential
June
2014
Completed
Abdel Fattah el-Sisi elected following the military takeover, returning the country to authoritarian rule.
Gabon
Legislative
December
13 Dec 2014
Completed
Guinea-Bissau
General
June
2014
Completed
José Mário Vaz elected, restoring constitutional order after a 2012 military coup.
Libya
Parliamentary
June
2014
Completed
Elections for the House of Representatives; disputed results escalated the ongoing civil war.
Legislative
February
Parliamentary: 20 Feb 2014
Completed
Malawi
General
June
2014
Completed
Peter Mutharika defeated incumbent Joyce Banda in a highly controversial and legally challenged race.
Mauritius
General
June
2014
Completed
Sir Anerood Jugnauth returned as Prime Minister via Alliance Lepep victory.
Mozambique
General
June
2014
Completed
Filipe Nyusi elected amidst localized armed conflict resurfacing with RENAMO elements.
Namibia
General
June
2014
Completed
Hage Geingob elected; SWAPO maintained overwhelming legislative control.
Tunisia
General
June
2014
Completed
Beji Caid Essebsi elected; hailed as a successful democratic consolidation in the Arab world.
Cameroon
Parliamentary
June
2013
Completed
CPDM secured sweeping legislative majorities, marginalizing fragmented opposition parties.
Kenya
General
June
2013
Completed
Uhuru Kenyatta elected in largely peaceful polls, featuring early but flawed integrations of electronic voting.
Madagascar
General
June
2013
Completed
Hery Rajaonarimampianina elected, restoring constitutional order following the 2009 unconstitutional transfer of power.
Mali
Presidential
June
2013
Completed
Ibrahim Boubacar KeĂŻta elected post-rebellion with heavy international backing and military presence.
Zimbabwe
General
June
2013
Completed
Mugabe secured victory; end of the power-sharing government amidst allegations of massive voter roll manipulation.
Referenda
March
Constitutional referendum, 16 Mar 2013
Completed
Angola
General
June
2012
Completed
MPLA maintained overwhelming dominance, institutionalizing a dominant-party framework.
Chad
Regional/Local
January
22 Jan 2012
Completed
Egypt
Presidential
June
2012
Completed
Mohamed Morsi elected in a highly competitive race, only to be ousted by the military a year later.
Lesotho
General
June
2012
Completed
Resulted in Africa's first peaceful transition of power via a coalition government following an incumbent defeat.
Libya
Parliamentary
June
2012
Completed
First post-Gaddafi democratic elections for the General National Congress; highly fragmented results.
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Legislative
June
2012
Completed
Continued governance in exile; Polisario maintains parallel state structures pending UN referendum.
Senegal
Presidential
June
2012
Completed
Macky Sall defeated Wade after Wade attempted to circumvent term limits, sparking mass mobilization.
Somalia
Presidential
June
2012
Completed
First indirect election held inside Somalia in decades; Hassan Sheikh Mohamud elected.
Benin
General
June
2011
Completed
Yayi Boni secured re-election; marked by high voter turnout exceeding 84%.
Cabo Verde
General
June
2011
Completed
Jorge Carlos Fonseca (MpD) elected president, initiating another period of peaceful cohabitation.
Cameroon
Presidential
June
2011
Completed
Biya secured a sixth term following constitutional amendments that eliminated term limits.
Central African Republic
General
June
2011
Completed
Bozizé re-elected; however, growing rebel insurgencies in the north set the stage for impending civil war.
Chad
Presidential
June
2011
Completed
DĂ©by secured another mandate; MPS maintained total dominance over the political landscape.
Democratic Republic of the Congo
General
June
2011
Completed
Kabila re-elected in a highly disputed contest against Etienne Tshisekedi, marred by logistical failures and violence.
Djibouti
Presidential
June
2011
Completed
Guelleh won a third term following constitutional changes removing his term limits.
Egypt
Parliamentary
TBA
2011-2012
Completed
First free elections post-Mubarak; resulted in an Islamist majority led by the Muslim Brotherhood.
Equatorial Guinea
Referenda
November
Constiutional referendum 13 Nov 2011
Completed
Gambia
Presidential
June
2011
Completed
ECOWAS refused to observe the election, citing intimidation and an uneven playing field.
Liberia
Referenda
August
23 Aug 2011: Constitutional amendments
Completed
Morocco
Parliamentary
June
2011
Completed
Held early following Arab Spring constitutional reforms; moderate Islamist PJD won plurality.
Referenda
July
1 Jul 2011 Constitutional referendum
Completed
Niger
General
June
2011
Completed
Mahamadou Issoufou elected, restoring civilian rule after the 2010 coup.
South Sudan
Referenda
January
9 Jan 2011: Referendum due on whether southern autonomous region is remain part of Sudan or to succeed
Completed
SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
Presidential
June
2011
Completed
Manuel Pinto da Costa returned to the presidency via democratic vote.
Tunisia
Constituent
June
2011
Completed
Historic free elections post-Jasmine Revolution; Ennahda emerged as the largest party.
Zambia
General
June
2011
Completed
Michael Sata (PF) defeated incumbent Rupiah Banda (MMD) in another peaceful alternation of power.
Burkina Faso
Presidential
June
2010
Completed
Final election of the Compaoré era before the 2014 popular uprising ousted him.
Burundi
General
June
2010
Completed
Nkurunziza re-elected uncontested after opposition boycotted the polls alleging massive fraud.
Comoros
Presidential
June
2010
Completed
Ikililou Dhoinine elected, maintaining the power-sharing stability among the islands.
Cote d’Ivoire
Presidential
June
2010
Completed
Ouattara defeated Gbagbo; Gbagbo's refusal to concede sparked the devastating Second Ivorian Civil War.
Egypt
Parliamentary
June
2010
Completed
NDP won near-total control in elections widely condemned as fraudulent, serving as a catalyst for the 2011 Arab Spring.
Ethiopia
General
June
2010
Completed
EPRDF and its allies won 99.6% of seats, effectively erasing the opposition presence established in 2005.
Guinea
Presidential
June
2010
Completed
Historic transition post-military rule; Alpha Condé elected in a fragile democratic opening.
Kenya
Referenda
August
4 Aug 2010: Draft proposes more power for Prime Minister and less for President, devolution of power to regions and introduction of Senate and Supreme Court
Completed
Mauritius
General
June
2010
Completed
Navin Ramgoolam's PTR-led coalition won, maintaining high turnout and transparency.
Niger
Referenda
October
24 Oct 2010 new constitution
Completed
Rwanda
Presidential
June
2010
Completed
Kagame re-elected with 93%; credible opposition figures were barred from running or imprisoned.
South Sudan
General
June
2010
Completed
Pre-independence elections establishing Salva Kiir and the SPLM as the dominant political force.
President
July
9 Jul 2010
Completed
Legislative
July
SSA: 9 Jul 2010
Completed
Regional/Local
July
State and local: 9 Jul 2010
Completed
Sudan
General
June
2010
Completed
Omar al-Bashir re-elected in polls boycotted by major opposition; included parallel regional elections in the South.
Algeria
Presidential
June
2009
Completed
Bouteflika re-elected after constitution was amended to remove term limits.
Botswana
General
June
2009
Completed
Ian Khama led BDP to victory, maintaining the party's uninterrupted rule since independence.
Comoros
Referenda
May
17 May 2009 constitutional amendments approved: Increased term of president to 5 yrs, abolished rotating presidency, concentrated power in Union government, reduce powers and costs of the island’s governments (Island Presidents become Island Governors), Islam became state religion
Completed
Equatorial Guinea
Presidential
June
2009
Completed
Obiang won nearly 95% of the vote, continuing PDGE's absolute totalitarian grip.
Gabon
Presidential
June
2009
Completed
Ali Bongo Ondimba succeeded his father following a contentious snap election.
Mauritania
Presidential
June
2009
Completed
Coup leader Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz elected in polls boycotted by major opposition figures.
Republic of the Congo
Presidential
June
2009
Completed
Sassou-Nguesso re-elected with nearly 78% of the vote amidst opposition marginalization.
South Africa
General
June
2009
Completed
Jacob Zuma secured the presidency; ANC maintained dominance despite structural economic issues.
Angola
Parliamentary
June
2008
Completed
First post-civil war elections; MPLA secured a sweeping supermajority.
Eswatini
General
June
2008
Completed
Tinkhundla system maintained; parliament possesses very limited legislative powers.
Ghana
General
June
2008
Completed
Extremely tight race resulting in another peaceful transfer of power back to the NDC's John Atta Mills.
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Legislative
June
2008
Completed
Elections for the Sahrawi National Council under a one-party semi-presidential regime (Polisario Front).
Zimbabwe
General
June
2008
Completed
Morgan Tsvangirai won the first round; unprecedented state violence forced his withdrawal from the runoff, keeping Mugabe in power.
Kenya
General
June
2007
Completed
Highly disputed results led to catastrophic ethno-political violence and an eventual power-sharing agreement.
Mauritania
Presidential
June
2007
Completed
Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi elected in a brief, genuine democratic opening before a 2008 coup.
Nigeria
General
June
2007
Completed
Umaru Musa Yar'Adua elected; polls were universally condemned by observers for massive irregularities.
Sierra Leone
General
June
2007
Completed
Ernest Bai Koroma (APC) defeated the incumbent SLPP in a peaceful transfer of power.
Benin
Presidential
June
2006
Completed
Yayi Boni elected in a highly competitive cycle following Kérékou's adherence to term limits.
Chad
Presidential
June
2006
Completed
DĂ©by won a third term following constitutional changes removing term limits; major opposition boycotted.
Comoros
Presidential
June
2006
Completed
Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi elected under the 2001 Fomboni Agreement's rotating presidency framework.
Democratic Republic of the Congo
General
June
2006
Completed
First multi-party elections in 40 years, heavily supported by the UN; Joseph Kabila secured victory.
Mauritania
Referenda
June
25 Jun 2006
Completed
Seychelles
Presidential
June
2006
Completed
James Michel elected, keeping the ruling SPPF in power with narrowing margins.
Uganda
General
June
2006
Completed
First multi-party elections since 1980; Museveni won following the removal of presidential term limits.
Burkina Faso
Presidential
June
2005
Completed
Compaoré secured another term; turnout reported at 57% amidst divided opposition.
Burundi
General
June
2005
Completed
Post-civil war transitional elections; CNDD-FDD emerged as the dominant political force under Pierre Nkurunziza.
Central African Republic
General
June
2005
Completed
François Bozizé legitimized his rule following a 2003 military coup in a transitional election cycle.
Democratic Republic of Congo
Referenda
December
18 Dec 2005
Completed
Djibouti
Presidential
June
2005
Completed
Guelleh ran unopposed after the opposition boycotted due to structural unfairness.
Egypt
Presidential
June
2005
Completed
First multi-candidate presidential election; Hosni Mubarak won overwhelmingly in a heavily managed process.
Ethiopia
General
June
2005
Completed
Initial political opening saw massive opposition gains, violently reversed by the state post-election.
Gabon
Presidential
June
2005
Completed
Omar Bongo won easily; opposition continuously marginalized through state resource control.
Liberia
General
June
2005
Completed
Landmark post-war elections; Ellen Johnson Sirleaf became Africa's first democratically elected female head of state.
Tanzania
General
June
2005
Completed
Jakaya Kikwete elected in a landslide, continuing CCM's dominant-party rule.
Togo
Presidential
June
2005
Completed
Faure Gnassingbé installed by the military after his father's death, then 'elected' in heavily disputed polls.
Algeria
Presidential
June
2004
Completed
Bouteflika secured a second term amidst constitutional maneuvering.
Botswana
General
June
2004
Completed
BDP secured another mandate with broad electoral support and no significant irregularities.
Cameroon
Presidential
June
2004
Completed
Paul Biya re-elected; CPDM maintained total control over state apparatus and electoral administration.
Malawi
General
June
2004
Completed
Bingu wa Mutharika elected in a heavily fractured political environment.
Mozambique
General
June
2004
Completed
Armando Guebuza elected; FRELIMO entrenched its dominant-party status.
Namibia
General
June
2004
Completed
Hifikepunye Pohamba elected; peaceful transition within the SWAPO dominant-party framework.
Niger
General
June
2004
Completed
Mamadou Tandja re-elected; his later attempts to extend his term led to a 2010 military coup.
Guinea
Presidential
June
2003
Completed
Conté won 95% of the vote following an opposition boycott.
Rwanda
Presidential
June
2003
Completed
First post-genocide presidential election; Paul Kagame (RPF) won 95% amidst a heavily restricted political environment.
Equatorial Guinea
Presidential
June
2002
Completed
Obiang secured 97% of the vote; international observers widely condemned the process as a farce.
Kenya
General
June
2002
Completed
Historic democratic transition; Mwai Kibaki defeated KANU, ending decades of single-party dominance.
Mali
Presidential
June
2002
Completed
Amadou Toumani Touré elected; Mali celebrated as a democratic poster-child despite very low turnout.
Republic of the Congo
Presidential
June
2002
Completed
Sassou-Nguesso legitimized his post-war rule in elections boycotted by major opposition figures.
Benin
Presidential
June
2001
Completed
Kérékou re-elected in a cycle boycotted by major opposition figures over transparency concerns.
Cabo Verde
General
June
2001
Completed
PAICV returned to power in a peaceful transition, underscoring the strength of Cabo Verdean institutions.
Chad
Presidential
June
2001
Completed
DĂ©by re-elected amid opposition protests and allegations of systemic electoral fraud.
Gambia
Presidential
June
2001
Completed
Jammeh secured re-election utilizing systemic intimidation and state media monopolies.
Madagascar
Presidential
June
2001
Completed
Disputed results led to a severe political crisis between Marc Ravalomanana and Didier Ratsiraka.
SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
Presidential
June
2001
Completed
Fradique de Menezes elected, continuing the stable democratic tradition.
Cote d’Ivoire
Presidential
June
2000
Completed
Laurent Gbagbo elected following a military coup; cycle was deeply flawed and excluded Alassane Ouattara.
Ethiopia
General
June
2000
Completed
EPRDF secured vast majorities in both federal and regional assemblies.
Ghana
General
June
2000
Completed
Landmark democratic milestone; peaceful alternation of power from NDC to NPP's John Kufuor.
Mauritius
General
June
2000
Completed
MSM/MMM coalition returned to power, demonstrating consistent institutional stability.
Senegal
Presidential
June
2000
Completed
Historic transition; Abdoulaye Wade defeated incumbent Abdou Diouf, ending decades of Socialist Party rule.
Somalia
Presidential
June
2000
Completed
Indirect election held in Djibouti for the Transitional National Government.
Algeria
Presidential
June
1999
Completed
Resulted in the election of Abdelaziz Bouteflika, marking the beginning of a long period of consolidated executive control.
Botswana
General
June
1999
Completed
Continued BDP dominance in one of Africa's most stable parliamentary democracies.
Central African Republic
Presidential
June
1999
Completed
Patassé re-elected amidst growing regional instability and internal military discontent.
Djibouti
Presidential
June
1999
Completed
IsmaĂŻl Omar Guelleh elected, succeeding his uncle and initiating a prolonged era of executive control.
Guinea-Bissau
General
TBA
1999-2000
Completed
Held following a destructive civil war; Kumba Ialá elected.
Nigeria
Presidential
June
1999
Completed
Olusegun Obasanjo elected, marking the permanent return to civilian democratic rule under the PDP.
South Africa
General
June
1999
Completed
Thabo Mbeki led the ANC to a near two-thirds majority.
Burkina Faso
Presidential
June
1998
Completed
Compaoré re-elected in an environment heavily skewed toward the ruling apparatus.
Eswatini
General
June
1998
Completed
Elections for the House of Assembly; political parties remain banned by monarchical decree.
Lesotho
General
June
1998
Completed
LCD won 79 of 80 seats despite receiving 60% of votes, triggering massive protests and SADC military intervention.
Liberia
General
June
1997
Completed
Warlord Charles Taylor elected in an environment dominated by fear of renewed conflict.
Morocco
Parliamentary
June
1997
Completed
First direct elections for the entire lower house; USFP emerged as the largest party under the monarchy.
Benin
Presidential
June
1996
Completed
Mathieu Kérékou returned to power via democratic means, cementing Benin's early multi-party credentials.
Chad
Presidential
June
1996
Completed
Idriss DĂ©by legitimized his rule through elections following his 1990 military takeover.
Comoros
Presidential
June
1996
Completed
Mohamed Taki Abdoulkarim elected; presidency cut short by his death, leading to a military coup.
Equatorial Guinea
Presidential
June
1996
Completed
Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo ran unopposed after opposition candidates withdrew citing massive fraud.
Gambia
Presidential
June
1996
Completed
Yahya Jammeh transitioned from military ruler to civilian president in heavily managed polls.
Sierra Leone
General
June
1996
Completed
Held amidst the devastating civil war; Ahmad Tejan Kabbah elected.
SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
Presidential
June
1996
Completed
Miguel Trovoada re-elected; nation establishes a pattern of competitive, peaceful elections.
Uganda
Presidential
June
1996
Completed
Yoweri Museveni legitimized his rule under the 'no-party' movement system.
Algeria
Presidential
June
1995
Completed
Held during the civil conflict; heavily managed by the military establishment.
Tanzania
General
June
1995
Completed
First multi-party elections; Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) easily retained power against fragmented opposition.
Botswana
General
June
1994
Completed
Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) maintained control, though opposition BNF made historic urban gains.
Guinea-Bissau
General
June
1994
Completed
First multi-party elections; JoĂŁo Bernardo Vieira emerged victorious.
Malawi
General
June
1994
Completed
First multi-party elections ended the decades-long rule of Hastings Banda; Bakili Muluzi elected.
Mozambique
General
June
1994
Completed
First multiparty elections post-civil war; FRELIMO maintained power against RENAMO.
Namibia
General
June
1994
Completed
First post-independence elections; SWAPO won a supermajority, setting a long-term precedent.
South Africa
General
June
1994
Completed
Historic foundational election ending apartheid; ANC won a massive mandate under Nelson Mandela.
Tunisia
General
June
1994
Completed
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali won unopposed; typical of the pre-revolution authoritarian regime.
Burundi
General
June
1993
Completed
Melchior Ndadaye elected in historic transition, but his subsequent assassination triggered a brutal ethnic civil war.
Central African Republic
General
June
1993
Completed
Incumbent André Kolingba peacefully transferred power to Ange-Félix Patassé, marking a rare democratic milestone.
Gabon
Presidential
June
1993
Completed
Omar Bongo re-elected in controversial multiparty elections, maintaining the Bongo family's grip.
Guinea
Presidential
June
1993
Completed
Lansana Conté won the first multiparty elections, though results were highly contested.
Niger
Presidential
June
1993
Completed
Mahamane Ousmane elected in Niger's first democratic multiparty elections.
Nigeria
Presidential
June
1993
Completed
Moshood Abiola widely believed to have won; military annulled the results, plunging the country into crisis.
Seychelles
General
June
1993
Completed
First multi-party elections since 1974; France-Albert René maintained power.
Togo
Presidential
June
1993
Completed
Gnassingbé Eyadéma won following violent suppression of the opposition.
Angola
General
June
1992
Completed
First multiparty elections; results rejected by UNITA, immediately triggering a resumption of the civil war.
Cameroon
Presidential
June
1992
Completed
First multiparty presidential election; Paul Biya secured victory amidst widespread allegations of fraud by the opposition.
Ghana
Presidential
June
1992
Completed
Jerry Rawlings legitimized his rule; opposition boycotted the subsequent parliamentary elections citing fraud.
Kenya
General
June
1992
Completed
First multiparty elections; Daniel arap Moi won against a heavily fractured opposition, marred by ethnic violence.
Mali
Presidential
June
1992
Completed
Alpha Oumar Konaré elected in Mali's first democratic transition following military rule.
Mauritania
Presidential
June
1992
Completed
Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya legitimized his rule; opposition boycotted claiming mass fraud.
Republic of the Congo
General
June
1992
Completed
Pascal Lissouba elected in multi-party polls; period ended violently with the 1997 civil war restoring Denis Sassou-Nguesso.
Benin
Presidential
June
1991
Completed
Pioneering democratic transition in West Africa; Mathieu Kérékou defeated by Nicéphore Soglo.
Burkina Faso
Presidential
June
1991
Completed
Blaise Compaoré elected following a boycott by major opposition parties; voter turnout exceptionally low at 35%.
Cabo Verde
General
June
1991
Completed
Historic transition; MpD defeated the former single-party PAICV, establishing a robust two-party democracy.
Mauritius
General
June
1991
Completed
MSM/MMM coalition victory; continued legacy of robust, competitive parliamentary democracy.
Zambia
General
June
1991
Completed
Early multiparty adopter; Frederick Chiluba defeated incumbent Kenneth Kaunda peacefully.
Comoros
Presidential
June
1990
Completed
Said Mohamed Djohar elected in a volatile post-mercenary transition period.
Cote d’Ivoire
Presidential
June
1990
Completed
Félix Houphouët-Boigny won the first contested election against Laurent Gbagbo, maintaining PDCI dominance.
Egypt
Parliamentary
June
1990
Completed
National Democratic Party (NDP) secured supermajority in an election boycotted by major opposition groups.
Zimbabwe
General
June
1990
Completed
Robert Mugabe and ZANU-PF consolidated power, effectively moving toward a de facto one-party state.
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